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The Dark Ages History Channel Transcripts

The Treaty of Treason is a treaty created by the Capitol to ensure peace after the districts were defeated during the first rebellion, better referred to as the Dark Days. As well as implementing laws to keep peace in the districts, it detailed that theHunger Gameswere to take place annuallyto remind the districts that the Dark Days must never be repeated - and to keep districts further. The year 1939 saw a rare ray of light shine into the Dark Ages, and made people realise that the Anglo-Saxon period did not deserve that gloomy moniker. In 1938, Edith Pretty, owner of Sutton Hoo House in Suffolk, had commissioned a local archaeologist, Basil Brown, to investigate the huge tumulus on her land. Brown did not do as he was asked.

• The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe; between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans.(More...)
  

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• The 'Middle Ages' first appears in Latin in 1469 as media tempestas or 'middle season'.(More...)
  
• The term was coined by later historians, and means 'Middle Ages', which might today be rendered as 'in-between times' that period which came after the high civilizations of the Greeks and Romans, and before the high civilization of the Renaissance : an age of barbarism, ignorance, illiteracy and violence.(More...)
  
• The term 'Dark Ages' was coined by an Italian scholar named Francesco Petrarch.(More...)
  

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The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe; between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans.^[1] After the end of the late Middle Ages period, the Renaissance spread unevenly over continental Europe from the southern European region. ^[2] The Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy. ^[1] Since the Late Middle Ages significantly overlap with the Renaissance, the term 'Dark Ages' has become restricted to distinct times and places in medieval Europe. ^[3] The Late Middle Ages or Late Medieval Period was the period of European history lasting from 1250-1500 AD. The Late Middle Ages followed the High Middle Ages and preceded the onset of the early modern era (and, in much of Europe, the Renaissance ). ^[2] Cultural and technological developments transformed European society, concluding the Late Middle Ages and beginning the early modern period. ^[1] A larger number of plays survive from France and Germany in this period and some type of religious dramas were performed in nearly every European country in the Late Middle Ages. ^[2] The theology of Thomas Aquinas, the paintings of Giotto, the poetry of Dante and Chaucer, the travels of Marco Polo, and the Gothic architecture of cathedrals such as Chartres are among the outstanding achievements toward the end of this period and into the Late Middle Ages. ^[1] It has been traditionally held that by the 14th century the dynamic force of medieval civilization had been spent and that the late Middle Ages were characterized by decline and decay. ^[4] Strong, royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Castile, and Portugal. ^[1] At the end of the Late Middle Ages, professional actors began to appear in England and Europe. ^[2]

Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. ^[2] Quickest-spread revolt in English history, and the most popular revolt of the Late Middle Ages. ^[5] The Catholic Church had long fought against heretic movements, but during the Late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. ^[2] Is one of the most defining works of literature during the Late Middle Ages, and among the most recognizable in all of literature. ^[5] One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. ^[1] It was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). ^[2] The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages. ^[1] The papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. ^[1] While the Jews were suffering persecution, one group that probably experienced increased empowerment in the Late Middle Ages was women. ^[2] Collectively these events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages. ^[2] Some scholars have advocated extending the period defined as late antiquity ( c. 250- c. 750 ce ) into the 10th century or later, and some have proposed a Middle Ages lasting from about 1000 to 1800. ^[4] Still others argue for the inclusion of the old periods Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation into a single period beginning in late antiquity and ending in the second half of the 16th century. ^[4] During late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, political, social, economic, and cultural structures were profoundly reorganized, as Roman imperial traditions gave way to those of the Germanic peoples who established kingdoms in the former Western Empire. ^[4] The term 'Late Middle Ages' refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. ^[2] Other terms of periodization have come to the fore: Late Antiquity, the Early Middle Ages, and the Great Migrations, depending on which aspects of culture are being emphasized. ^[3]

The Late Middle Ages marked the end of the Middle Ages and ushered in the modern era in Europe. ^[6] If the High Middle Ages were marked by the achievement of institutional unity and intellectual synthesis, the late Middle Ages were characterized by conflict and dissolution. ^[7]

The late Middle Ages shade imperceptibly into the equally vague period known as 'the Renaissance': and it was during 'the Renaissance' (and, later, during 'the Reformation' and 'the Enlightenment') that people began talking about the 'the Middle Ages' or even 'the Dark Ages,' writing off the preceding ten centuries as a useless detour. ^[8] Europe, in general, experienced a period of decline in the Late Middle Ages, as the continent was entangled in civil strife. ^[6]

It is now generally acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and the term 'Late Middle Ages' is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. ^[2] English-speaking historians, following their German counterparts, generally subdivide the Middle Ages into three intervals: 'Early', 'High', and 'Late'. ^[1] Population decline, counterurbanisation, invasion, and movement of peoples, which had begun in Late Antiquity, continued in the Early Middle Ages. ^[1]

The following is a timeline of the major events during the Middle Ages, a time period in human history mostly centered on Europe, which lies between classical antiquity and the modern era. ^[5] The changes brought about by these developments have led many scholars to view this period as the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of modern history and early modern Europe. ^[2] The High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state. ^[1] Kant and Voltaire were vocal in attacking the Middle Ages as a period of social regress dominated by religion, while Gibbon in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire expressed contempt for the 'rubbish of the Dark Ages'. ^[3] They have come to be distinguished, and the Dark Ages are now no more than the first part of the Middle Age, while the term mediaeval is often restricted to the later centuries, about 1100 to 1500, the age of chivalry, the time between the first Crusade and the Renaissance. ^[3] Renaissance scholars saw the Middle Ages as a period of decline from the high culture and civilisation of the Classical world; Enlightenment scholars saw reason as superior to faith, and thus viewed the Middle Ages as a time of ignorance and superstition. ^[1] Although once regarded as a time of uninterrupted ignorance, superstition, and social oppression, the Middle Ages are now understood as a dynamic period during which the idea of Europe as a distinct cultural unit emerged. ^[4] During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase. ^[1] Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989. a term sometimes applied to the period of the Middle Ages to mark the intellectual darkness characteristic of the time; often restricted to the early period of the Middle Ages, between the time of the fall of Rome and the appearance of vernacular written documents. ^[3] The period they idealized was largely the High Middle Ages, extending into Early Modern times. ^[3] The Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history : classical civilisation, or Antiquity ; the Middle Ages; and the Modern Period. ^[1] Historians from Romance-speaking countries tend to divide the Middle Ages into two parts: an earlier 'High' and later 'Low' period. ^[1] In the 19th century, the entire Middle Ages were often referred to as the ' Dark Ages ', but with the adoption of these subdivisions, use of this term was restricted to the Early Middle Ages, at least among historians. ^[1] As the accomplishments of the era came to be better understood in the 18th and 20th centuries, scholars began restricting the 'Dark Ages' appellation to the Early Middle Ages (c. 5th-10th century). ^[3] In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period ) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. ^[1] Conditions were further unsettled by the return of the plague throughout the rest of the 14th century; it continued to strike Europe periodically during the rest of the Middle Ages. ^[1]

'The Dark Ages and the Middle Ages -- or the Middle Age -- used to be the same; two names for the same period. ^[3] Lindberg and Ronald Numbers, another scholar of the period, state that there 'was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge sphericity and even know its approximate circumference'. ^[1] Science historian David C. Lindberg criticises the public use of 'dark ages' to describe the entire Middle Ages as 'a time of ignorance, barbarism and superstition ' for which 'blame is most often laid at the feet of the Christian church, which is alleged to have placed religious authority over personal experience and rational activity'. ^[3] Though many of the events were outside the traditional time period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the Protestant Reformation ), was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. ^[2] The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. ^[1]

The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. ^[1] In response to the Protestants, Catholics developed a counter-image to depict the High Middle Ages in particular as a period of social and religious harmony, and not 'dark' at all. ^[3] The beginning of the Middle Ages was also a period of low activity in copying. ^[3] Many historians have questioned the conventional dating of the beginning and end of the Middle Ages, which were never precise in any case and cannot be located in any year or even century. ^[4] One misconception, first propagated in the 19th century and still very common, is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat. ^[1]

Although the 16th and 17th centuries were the great age of European witch hunts, the first European witch trials date to the Late Middle Ages. ^[9] The Late Middle Ages took place between the 14th century and the early 15th century. ^[6] Let Professor Philip Daileader be your guide and set you on the path to answers with The Late Middle Ages, the final course in his excellent trilogy that began with The Early Middle Ages and The High Middle Ages. ^[9] The impact of the exchange that began with Columbus's voyage is still felt today, as is the impact of the entire era whose end it roughly marks and whose story is presented so brilliantly in The Late Middle Ages. ^[9] Typically, the giant block of 'the Middle Ages' is split into roughly three parts: the early Middle Ages (500-1000), the high Middle Ages (1000-1300), and the late Middle Ages (1300-1500). ^[8] Rated 5 out of 5 by Thankful2Study from Capping Off the Middle Ages Trilogy with a bang! The Late Middle Ages caps off Daileader Middle Ages trilogy. ^[9] Rated 5 out of 5 by Jimmy B from One of the best courses I've found I've listened to or watched several dozen Great Courses and The Late Middle Ages by Professor Daileader is one of the two or three best. ^[9] The notable event of the Late Middle Ages was the decline of the Byzantine Empire and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, which led to the rise of the Ottoman Empire. ^[6] The fall of Constantinople in 1453, now present day Istanbul, Turkey, was a critical point of the Late Middle Ages. ^[6] Rated 5 out of 5 by Doc Crouch from Late Middle Ages Exceeded expectations and well worth investment. ^[9] Rated 3 out of 5 by HS Art Teacher from Late Middle Ages Enjoyed this, but the lass could have had more visual features. ^[9] In the late Middle Ages the Frisians rebelled against the Habsburgians from 1515 until 1523. ^[10] This decline persisted throughout the Migration period, a historical period sometimes called the Dark Ages, Late Antiquity, or the Early Middle Ages. ^[11]

The period of European history extending from about 500 to 1400-1500 ce is traditionally known as the Middle Ages. ^[4] The High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous expansion of population. ^[1] Another view of the period is reflected by more specific notions such as the 19th-century claim that everyone in the Middle Ages thought the world was flat. ^[3] The concept thus came to characterize the entire Middle Ages as a time of intellectual darkness between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance ; this became especially popular during the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment. ^[3] In military technology, one of the main changes was the return of the crossbow, which had been known in Roman times and reappeared as a military weapon during the last part of the Early Middle Ages. ^[1] Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. ^[2] 'The stereotype of the Middle Ages as 'the Dark Ages' fostered by Renaissance humanists and Enlightenment philosophes has, of course, long since been abandoned by scholars.' ^[3] The intellectual transformation of the Renaissance is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. ^[2] The ' Dark Ages ' is a historical periodization traditionally referring to the Middle Ages, that asserts that a demographic, cultural, and economic deterioration occurred in Western Europe following the decline of the Roman Empire. ^[3] Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (Third ed.). ^[1] The early 20th century saw a radical re-evaluation of the Middle Ages, which called into question the terminology of darkness, or at least its more pejorative use. ^[3] The original definition remains in popular use, and popular culture often employs it as a vehicle to depict the Middle Ages as a time of backwardness, extending its pejorative use and expanding its scope. ^[3] Petrarch was the very first to speak of the Middle Ages as a 'dark age', one that separated him from the riches and pleasures of classical antiquity and that broke the connection between his own age and the civilization of the Greeks and the Romans. ^[3] The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is 476, first used by Bruni. ^[1] Nowadays the term is not used by scholars to refer to the entire medieval period; when used, it is generally restricted to the Early Middle Ages. ^[3] Lindberg and Ronald Numbers write: 'There was scarcely a Christian scholar of the Middle Ages who did not acknowledge sphericity and even know its approximate circumference'. ^[3] For Europe as a whole, 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages, but there is no universally agreed upon end date. ^[1] Wycliffe's teachings influenced two of the major heretical movements of the later Middle Ages: Lollardy in England and Hussitism in Bohemia. ^[1] They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy, who in 1066 under William the Conqueror (duke 1035-1087), conquered England (r. 1066-87) and created a cross-channel empire that lasted, in various forms, throughout the rest of the Middle Ages. ^[1] The empire's law code, the Corpus Juris Civilis or 'Code of Justinian', was rediscovered in Northern Italy in 1070 and became widely admired later in the Middle Ages. ^[1] During the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308) and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. ^[1] Surviving religious works from the Early Middle Ages are mostly illuminated manuscripts and carved ivories, originally made for metalwork that has since been melted down. ^[1] Monks and monasteries had a deep effect on the religious and political life of the Early Middle Ages, in various cases acting as land trusts for powerful families, centres of propaganda and royal support in newly conquered regions, and bases for missions and proselytisation. ^[1] The replacement of goods from long-range trade with local products was a trend throughout the old Roman lands that happened in the Early Middle Ages. ^[1] Roman city life and culture changed greatly in the early Middle Ages. ^[1] Around the eleventh and twelfth centuries in the High Middle Ages stronger monarchies emerged; borders were restored after the invasions of Vikings and Magyars ; technological developments and agricultural innovations were made which increased the food supply and population. ^[3] The Hussite Church, although the target of a crusade, survived beyond the Middle Ages. ^[1] Many of the surviving manuscripts of the Latin classics were copied in monasteries in the Early Middle Ages. ^[1] This stimulated interest in the Middle Ages, which for the following generation began to take on the idyllic image of an 'Age of Faith'. ^[3] A country with great influence in the European history in the Middle Ages. ^[5]

The Late Middle Ages, the period between the 11 th and 15 th centuries, is marked by several social, economic and political changes in Europe. ^[12] The Late Middle Ages were marked by difficulties and calamities, such as famine, plague, and war, which much diminished the population of western Europe; in the four years from 1347 through 1350, the Black Death killed approximately a third of the European population. ^[13]

Europe experienced a decline in development in the 15th century, which marked the end of the Middle Ages. ^[6] The Early Middle Ages saw the rise of the Byzantine Empire in the 4th century CE, which was marked by the ascension of Emperor Constantine I in 330 CE, which established the city of Constantinople as the seat of power. ^[6] The Middle Ages were marked by the diversification and growth of economy and society and by the subsequent social tension and political and religious conflict. ^[14]

The Dark Ages History Channel Transcript Online

Middle Ages, the period in European history from the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th century ce to the period of the Renaissance (variously interpreted as beginning in the 13th, 14th, or 15th century, depending on the region of Europe and on other factors). ^[11] The Middle Ages are a time period in European history that stretched from the end of the Western Roman Empire (in the 5th century) 1 to the start of the Renaissance and the time Christopher Columbus discovered the New World in 1492. (at the end of the 15th century). ^[10]

The High Middle Ages was the period in Europe’s history which succeeded the Early Middle Ages and began in the 11th century and ended in the 13th century. ^[6] When we talk about the Middle Ages, typically, we’re just talking about Europe--you could theoretically talk about 'medieval' China if you want to designate the same group of centuries, but since Chinese history is divided into a completely different set of periods based on its own civilizational timeline, that doesn’t make a lot of sense. ^[8] While the term dark ages is no longer widely used, it may best be described as Early Middle Ages -- the period following the decline of Rome in the Western World. ^[15] Historians believe that the Early Middle Ages began in the 6th century CE and ended in the 10th century CE. The Early Middle Ages were preceded by the decline of the Western Roman Empire and the collapse of Rome between the 2nd and 4th century CE. The population in the Roman Empire declined dramatically in the 4th century CE, partially due to famines, as well as constant invasions from neighboring tribes. ^[6] During the Middle Ages, Europe changed as the remains of a great empire (the Western Roman Empire ) slowly became independent countries ( England, France (The Franks), Germany (Germania), Hungary, Spain, Portugal, Poland, and Russia. ^[10] Rated 5 out of 5 by Gloster from The 'Past' Is Closer Than We Often Think I remember how, when I was a young student, anytime I heard a reference to, or -- even worse -- had to take a course on -- 'the Middle Ages,' I thought boring! After all, the 'good stuff' ended when the Roman Empire fell and didn't pick up again until the Renaissance! Well, the period did have knights and castles, but. ^[9] It was written by an elderly scholar of 20 th -century history who, by his own admission, had never studied the Middle Ages before, or consulted any primary sources from the period. ^[8] I want to put in a good word for the early Middle Ages as a time period that is well worth studying, and not just because it produced a lot of interesting texts and beautiful art. ^[8] Young and so wrong! I appreciate how this engaging professor so clearly demonstrated the threads of continuity running through -- and evolving with -- the 1,000 year period of the Middle Ages that he covers in his three courses. ^[9] The early Middle Ages (500-1000), however, still get a pretty bad rap: it’s thought of, even by some academics, as a period of cultural and technological stagnation. ^[8] The Middle Ages, the book confidently informed us, were a thousand-year period during which literally nothing happened. ^[8] The Middle Ages was also a period when the persisting legacy of knights, serfs, and castles coexisted with the cannons and muskets newly made possible by gunpowder. ^[9] During the Middle Ages the Mongols created the world's largest empire, controlling much of Asia, Middle East, and far eastern Europe. ^[16] Another notable event in the Early Middle Ages was the rise of Islam and the establishment of Caliphates in the Middle East during the 7th century. ^[6] The Renaissance of the 12th century took place during the High Middle Ages, when significant social, economic, and political transformations took place. ^[6] I also found interesting his contention that the Middle Ages did not exactly 'end' when many historians have long said they did (at the tumultuous time of the Renaissance and Reformation). ^[9] Most people, if they think of the Middle Ages at all, think of them as the 'Dark Ages,' the long stretch of obscure barbarism between the glory that was Rome and the other glory that was the Renaissance. ^[8] The early Middle Ages drew to a close in the 10th century with new migrations and invasions - the coming of the Vikings from the north and the Magyars from the Asian steppes - and the weakening of all forces of European unity and expansion. ^[7]

The Crisis of the Late Middle Ages, beginning at the start of the 14th century, marked the end of this era.' ^[17] Cultural and technological developments transformed European society, concluding the Late Middle Ages and beginning the Early Modern period. ^[13] A great part of the mistaken view still present about medieval history being considered a period without scientific advances results from little knowledge on the contributions of the Late Middle Ages, in particular the contributions of Arab medieval Medicine. ^[12] The Late Middle Ages was probably the worst period of the Middle Ages regarding the overall health situation in Europe. ^[18] The Middle Ages is commonly divided into two periods: the Early and Late Middle Ages. ^[12] The Late Middle Ages was a period initiated by calamities and upheavals. ^[19] Greek classics which were forgotten for a long time in the West, such as Hippocrates', Galen's and Aristotle's, as well as new writings made by the Arabs in the fields of philosophy, arithmetic, Medicine, among others, entered the medieval Christian area early in the Late Middle Ages. ^[12] During the Late Middle Ages, the moral authority of the Church hierarchy was tainted by overreaching abuses, such as the increasingly brazen Crusades, ostensibly to reclaim formerly Christian lands from Muslim control, and persecution of dissenters such as during the Spanish Inquisition. ^[19] Belgian historian Henri Pirenne and Dutch historian Johan Huizinga popularized the following subdivisions in the early 20th century: the Early Middle Ages from 476 to 1000, the High Middle Ages from 1000 to 1300, and the Late Middle Ages from 1300 to 1453. ^[13] The common subdivision into Early, High and Late Middle Ages came into use after World War I. It derives from the works of Henri Pirenne (in particular the article 'Les periodes de l'historie du capitalism' in Academie Royale de Belgique. ^[19] The Late Middle Ages also witnessed the rise of strong, royalty-based nation-states, particularly England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. ^[19]

Many of the songs have strong affinities with Arab musical forms, reflecting the fact that much of the Iberian peninsula was under Muslim governance throughout the Middle Ages, and that there was, despite frequent political and religious conflicts, considerable cultural interchange between Christian and Islamic kingdoms. ^[8] The fixing of dates for the beginning and end of the Middle Ages is arbitrary; at neither time was there any sharp break in the cultural development of the continent. ^[7] For starters, it’s a huge swathe of historical time: the Middle Ages encompass approximately the years 500-1500. ^[8] During the High Middle Ages the Roman Catholic church, organized into an elaborate hierarchy with the pope as its unequivocal head, was the most sophisticated governing institution in western Europe. ^[7] The High Middle Ages saw the spread of Christianity all over the continent, from Britain to Scandinavia, as well as the split of the Catholic Church in 1054 into the Western Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. ^[6] Britannica Classic: The Medieval Mind The tensions and conflicts of the Middle Ages are conveyed through its architecture and through the writings of medieval Christians. ^[11] …Renaissance were known to the Middle Ages as well, while the Classical texts 'discovered' by the humanists were often not originals but medieval copies preserved in monastic or cathedral libraries. ^[11] I'm a history buff and have read many books about the Middle Ages, but Prof. Daileader puts the history together in a unified whole and shows how various events affected each other and ultimately produced the modern world. ^[9] As always in Professor Daileader courses, he goes an excellent job analysis and synthesizing the content of the Middle Ages and making it accessible to modern listeners. ^[9] The High Middle Ages were characterized by an increased rural-urban migration, which led to the growth of cities all over Europe. ^[6] Rome may not have 'fallen' in the dramatic fashion that’s sometimes popularly imagined, but the societies that were once territorially encompassed by the western Roman Empire did change a lot during the Middle Ages. ^[8] The Middle Ages, also called the Medieval Period, occurred between the 5th and 15th centuries. ^[6] Although Neil deGrasse Tyson cautions Flat Earthers that their thinking is ' five centuries regressed,' educated people in the Middle Ages never believed the world was flat. ^[8] The Early Middle Ages are sometimes referred to as the Dark Ages, as illiteracy was widespread, and hence there were few written records from the era. ^[6] This belief in universal love crops up too in one of the best-beloved works of the high Middle Ages, the 'Showings' of Julian of Norwich, which is the first known work in English by a female author. ^[8] The High Middle Ages culminated in the great cultural achievements of Gothic architecture, the philosophic works of Saint Thomas Aquinas, and the imaginative vision of the totality of human life in La divina commedia ( The Divine Comedy ) by Dante Alighieri. ^[7] We have our own certitudes about 'how the universe works' that, while up to snuff with regards to current scientific knowledge, are in many respects not a lot unlike the commonly accepted beliefs in the Middle Ages about what their own state of knowledge taught them: that the centrality of the earth in the heavens was well established. ^[9] Modern scholarship generally divides the Middle Ages into three stages and is much more concerned with diversity even within the subdivisions. ^[7] No one definitive event marks the end of antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages. ^[7] The Middle Ages had produced at least two earlier revivals of Classical antiquity. ^[11] The Islam-Christian conflict escalated in the High Middle Ages, with the Christian kingdoms engaging in military campaigns in the 'Holy Land' known as the Crusades, whose intention was to drive Islamic Caliphates from Palestine. ^[6] The European High Middle Ages, which lasted from about 1050 to 1300, evoke for many people romantic images of knights in shining armor, magnificent castles, and glorious cathedrals. ^[14] During the high Middle Ages, wealth began to return and consumers began to demand luxuries again. ^[16] During the Middle Ages trade between countries became much more common. ^[16] During the Early Middle Ages, Muslims achieved what is remembered as a golden age of knowledge. ^[10] The Muslims took hold of vast areas of land making them a superpower of the Middle Ages. ^[10] Cultural activity during the early Middle Ages consisted primarily in appropriating and systematizing the knowledge of the past. ^[7] Scholars of the Middle Ages preserved this ancient knowledge, and re-confirmed and expanded upon it through their own calculations. (That the Earth is a globe is certainly not something I’d ever have figured out on my own, without having been told. ^[8]

These periods of medieval history are also referred to as the Early, High and Late Middle Ages. ^[20] Throughout the Late Middle Ages, stresses such as the Great Famine of 1315-1317, the Black Death of 1348, and popular uprisings, particularly in the west, encouraged creative social, economic, and technological responses that signaled the end of the old medieval order and laid the groundwork for further great changes in the Early Modern Period. ^[21] The national feelings did not grow to the level in which it appeared in later period but the change started in Late Middle Ages. ^[22] The Late Middle Ages was a period of conflict and dissolution. ^[22] The Early Middle Ages begins in 476 AD/CE and ends at around 1050 AD/CE and the Late Middle Ages begins in 1050 AD/CE and ends at 1400 AD/CE. The Early Middle Ages, was also nicknamed, 'The Dark Ages', by the Northern Italian Renaissance Poet, Petrarch, while the Late Middle Ages was also nicknamed, 'The Age of Scholasticism'-(I do not know which person(s) or originated the nickname, 'Age of Scholasticism'). ^[23] Petrarch, from what I know, does not express the same level of contempt for the succeeding Late Middle Ages or 'Age of Scholasticism', though was quite vocal in his critiquing of Early Medieval Christianity. a.k.a. 'The Dark Ages'. ^[23] The common subdivision into Early, High and Late Middle Ages came into use after World War I. It was caused by the works of Henri Pirenne (in particular the article 'Les periodes de l'historie du capitalism' in Academie Royale de Belgique. ^[21] This work explores how narratives aided in the construction of a national identity in England in the late Middle Ages. ^[24] A distinct European perspective on Asia emerged in the late Middle Ages. ^[24] Ruth Melinkoff, Outcasts: Signs of Otherness in Northern European Art of the Late Middle Ages (2 vols.) ^[24] This trend was checked in the Late Middle Ages by a series of calamities, notably the Black Death but also including numerous wars and economic stagnation. ^[17] The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages, which by convention end around 1500. ^[17] The Middle ages was divided into three phases viz Early Middle Ages, High Middle Ages and Late Middle Ages. ^[22] One of my local pubs dates from the late Middle Ages: The Bell, Waltham St Lawrence. ^[22]

Brown championed the idea of Late Antiquity, a period that was culturally distinct from both the preceding Empire and from the rest of the Middle Ages. ^[19] In the Early Middle Ages, depopulation, deurbanization, and barbarian invasions, which began in Late Antiquity, continued. ^[13] English-speaking historians, following their German counterparts, generally subdivide the Middle Ages into three intervals: 'Early', 'High' and 'Late'. ^[13] Another argument for a late beginning to the Middle Ages was presented by Peter Brown. ^[19]

Things started to perk up a bit around Europe after a few chaotic centuries and the High Middle Ages, which began around 1000 A.D., was a time marked by population growth and advances made in the worlds of art, architecture, science, business and technology. ^[25] The Second period is known as High Middle Ages which started around 1000 AD. It was marked with the growth of the population in Europe, and with new society form-Feudalism. ^[18] The Middle Ages are marked as the period between the collapse of the Roman Empire and the rise of the Renaissance period. ^[18] The beginning of the Middle Ages is marked with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the end of the Middle Ages by the rise of the humanism idea in North Italy, known as Renaissance. ^[18]

These became more marked in towns and cities throughout Europe in the later Middle Ages. ^[26] The final centuries of the Middle Ages (14 th and 15 th ) are marked by political and religious crises, the plague outbreak and the European territorial expansion (commercially with Italians and territorially with the reconquered wars against Muslims), which promote and permeate great changes that mark the following centuries. ^[12] The High Middle Ages is marked by political stability of the Byzantine Empire in the East, the rise of Islam, and the Arab expansion into Christian territories. ^[12]

In the early fifteenth century it was believed history had evolved from the Dark Age to a Modern period with its revival of things classical, so scholars began to write about a middle period between the Ancient and Modern, which became known as the Middle Age. ^[19] The Middle Ages is the middle period of the traditional division of Western history into Classical, Medieval, and Modern periods. ^[13] The Middle Ages is referred to the period of European history which marks the fall of Western Roman Empire in the 5th Century and the beginning of the Renaissance or the Age of Discovery in the. ^[18] The period of the Middle Ages is usually dated from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century to the beginning of the Renaissance in the fifteenth century. ^[19]

The Middle Ages is the time period commonly defined between the 5 th and 15 th centuries, from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the fall of Constantinople. ^[12]

Allegory is a characteristically mediaeval form; and in Italy the Middle Ages began so late and the Renaissance came so early that that country never had the opportunity to fall completely under the spell that held France from the time of the Roman de la Rose till the end of the fifteenth century. ^[27] The 'High Middle Ages' describes the expansionist culture and intellectual revival from the late 11th century to the beginning of the 14th (the ' 12th Century Renaissance '). ^[21] Contreni, John G. (1984), 'The Carolingian Renaissance', Renaissances before the Renaissance: cultural revivals of late antiquity and the Middle Ages. ^[22]

The Early Middle Ages were widely characterized by invasions as it marked the end of the Roman Empire. ^[20] Therefore, there is no fixed date from which it can be marked as the starting date of the Middle Ages in European History. ^[22] The Early Middle Ages was marked with localized social and economic arrangements. ^[22] The High Middle Ages is marked by the end of the controversies about the succession of the Pope. ^[22] In the early 15th Century it was believed history had evolved from the Dark Age to a Modern period with its revival of things classical so scholars began to write about a middle period between the Ancient and Modern, which became known as the Middle Age. ^[21]

Middle Ages is a term used for the period in history of Europe from the fifth century to the fifteenth century. ^[22]

The Middle Ages is known to be the historical period of Europe between the 5th and 15th Century. ^[18] The period of the High Middle Ages, from about 1000 to 1350, was the high water mark of medieval civilization, leaving a durable legacy in the soaring cathedrals and massive castles which sprang up all over Europe. ^[26] Eager to revive the Ancient History and its knowledge, they defined the Middle Ages (from the Latin media aetas, medium aevum ) as the period of time between theirs and the ancient ones. ^[12] The Middle Ages (the favorite historical period of 9 out of 10 young history students!) is generally thought to occupy the years between the collapse of Rome and the beginning of the Renaissance--between, more or less, 400 and 1600 AD. ^[28] The beginning of the Early Middle Ages, after the Fall of Rome in 476 AD and the period known as the Dark Ages, the reorganization of the empire brought a desire for faith and religion, primarily Christianity. ^[29] The historical period called the Middle Ages, a long interval between the 5 th and the 15 th centuries, is still commonly known as the Dark Ages, especially in the area of health sciences. ^[12] Roughly speaking, the Dark Ages corresponds to the Middle Ages, or from 500 to 1500 AD. This period has traditionally been thought of as dark, in the sense of having very little scientific and cultural advancement. ^[30]

In the 19th century, the entire Middle Ages were often referred to as the 'Dark Ages', but with the creation of these subdivisions use of this term was restricted to the Early Middle Ages, at least among historians. ^[13] The High Middle Ages were characterized by the urbanization of Europe, military expansion, and an intellectual revival that historians identify between the 11th century and the end of the 13th. ^[19] Some scholars perceive Europe as having been plunged into darkness when the Roman Empire fell in around 500 AD. The Middle Ages are often said to be dark because of a supposed lack of scientific and cultural advancement. ^[30] During the Middle Ages, Galen was recognized as an indubitable name concerning the knowledge of the human body, being widely accepted by the Catholic Church and studied by religious scholars, despite being Greek-Roman and non-Christian. ^[12]

The Middle Ages form the middle period in a traditional division of European history into three 'epochs': the classical civilization of antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the modern era. ^[19] With the end of the Middle Ages came the Early Modern period. ^[18] The middle period (the High Middle Ages) follows, a time of developed institutions of lordship and vassalage, castle-building and mounted warfare, and reviving urban and commercial life. ^[19] One possible exemption of this could be Britain’s time period of the Middle Ages. ^[29] Another reason why the Middle Ages are often called the Dark Ages is because, compared with other eras, historians don't know as much about this time. ^[30] The Middle ages lasted from the 5th all the way to the 15th century in Europe. ^[18] For Europe as a whole, 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages, but there is no universally agreed upon end date; depending on the context, events such as Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas in 1492, conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, or the Protestant Reformation in 1517 are sometimes used. ^[13] The term 'mediaeval' (American: medieval) was first contracted from the Latin medium ævum, or more precisely 'middle epoch,' by Enlightenment thinkers as a pejorative descriptor of the Middle Ages. ^[19] The plural form of the term, Middle Ages, is used in English, Dutch, Russian, Bulgarian and Icelandic while other European languages use the singular form (Italian medioevo, French le moyen ge, German das Mittelalter ). ^[19] The Dark Ages is a term often used synonymously with the Middle Ages. ^[30] This difference originates in different Neo-Latin terms used for the Middle Ages before media aetas became the standard term. ^[19]

Much of the nobility of the High Middle Ages was to claim its roots in the Carolingian nobility that was generated during this period of expansion. ^[19] Most of us were taught, in history class, that the Middle Ages ended when the Renaissance began. ^[28] The Middle Ages conventionally ends with the rebirth of classical arts during the Italian Renaissance; the epochal discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus and circumnavigation of the earth by Ferdinand Magellan ; and European expansion around the globe, as the maritime nations of Spain and Portugal began their imperial projects. ^[19] During the High Middle Ages, which began after AD 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and crop yields to increase. ^[13] It is difficult to decide when the Middle Ages ended; in fact, scholars assign different dates in different parts of Europe. ^[19] Monasteries and nunneries spread throughout Europe during the Middle Ages, and monks and nuns provided much of the education, healthcare and practical charity for the population at large, as well as the preaching of the Christian Gospel. ^[26] The Muslim expansion continued on, with the muslim Turks being subjugated to the Byzantine Empire, the Christian empire in the East, and earning the capital Constantinople in 1453, thereby marking the end, for many historians, of the Middle Ages. ^[12] In the later Middle Ages, it was the turn of the Muslim world to go on the attack in the eastern Mediterranean as the Ottoman Turks began their expansion. ^[26] The pope's role in Charlemagne's and later coronations lent new authority to the papacy, and the Church and secular rulers grew closely allied in a hierarchical system characteristic of the Middle Ages. ^[19] The fifth century, roughly considered to mark the start of the Middle Ages, saw the breakdown of the Roman Empire and the splintering of its once vast empire. ^[25] Representation of the tripartite social order of the Middle Ages - oratores 'those who pray' (cleric), bellatores 'those who fight' (knight), and laboratories 'those who work' (workman: peasant, worker, member of the lower middle class); book illustration France XIII century. ^[19] Every century has created its own vision of the Middle Ages; the 18th century view of the Middle Ages was entirely different from the 19th century which was different from the 16th century view. ^[19] Europe was a fairly grim place at the beginning of the Middle Ages. ^[25] The exact origins of the hour glass aren't clear but it's generally accepted that it was widely adopted in Europe by the end of the High Middle Ages (around 1500 A.D.). ^[25] The picture that modern historians of the religious life present is one of great religious zeal welling up from the peasantry during the High Middle Ages, with clerical elites striving, only sometimes successfully, to understand and channel this power into familiar paths. ^[19] Debate continues to rage among historians over whether the Middle Ages were, indeed, dark or not. ^[30] Though they were invented hundreds of years before the Middle Ages, their numbers exploded during this time. ^[25] How awful would that be? The Middle Ages were a brutal time that included the bubonic plague, many wars and other horrible things. ^[29] While many consider the Middle Ages a time of hard work, famine, disease. ^[18] True to our understanding of the Middle Ages it is a time recognized by castles, princes, princesses, knights and peasants all co-inhabiting a kingdom. ^[18] The Middle Ages, classified from 600 AD to 1350 AD, was significantly effected by Christianity because of the impact it had on the daily lives of people of the time. ^[29] Take a little time now and read about some really important things that were invented during the Middle Ages. ^[25] On Saturday 15 November she will be taking part in a colloquium on Communication in the Middle Ages at Lock keeper’s Cottage, Queen Mary, University of London, being held to mark London Medieval Society’s 70th anniversary. ^[31] Called the middle ages, the medieval ages were influential in European history. ^[29] The Middle Ages or Medieval period is a stretch of European history that lasted from the 5th until the 15th centuries. ^[13] Faith and religious rituals were the basis to face diseases and epidemics, besides promoting rituals and attitudes which involved prejudice, 'witch hunts' and hysterical behavior by the heavily present society in the Middle Ages (10 th -15 th centuries). ^[12]

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The Dark Ages History Channel Transcript Pdf

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32. (5) Music History 102
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34. (3) Middle Ages, Dynamic Culture of the Middle Ages

The Dark Ages History Channel Transcript 2017